A junior synonym is a name that has been assigned to a fish AFTER it has already been assigned a name. In ye olden days, it was not unusual for scientists to be unaware of a previously published description of a species. In these situations, many of these fish end up with dozens of different names. How everyone ended up calling the dourada Brachyplatystoma flavicans is beyond me, as that name doesn't go with that fish.
The description you give for quick growth to 2' does seem to rather match the jau however. Unlike Brachyplatystomas, they're quick growers. Brachys tend to grow rather slowly.
The current state of the genus Brachyplatystoma can be summed up as follows:
Brachyplatystoma filamentosum is valid.
Brachyplatystoma capapretum is valid, but only descibed in 2009. 99.9% of all 'filas' you see are actually capas. They're super easy to tell apart. Juvenile capas have spots 2-3x the size of the eye, juvenile filas have spots smaller than the eye.
Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii is valid, though they are often inexplicably called B. flavicans.
Brachyplatystoma vaillanti is valid
Brachyplatystoma juruense is valid, though some of the more attractive ones are called 'flash zebras'. The consensus is that what constitutes a flash zebra is purely in the eye of the beholder.
Brachyplatystoma tigrinum is commonly called 'tigrinus' due to its previous name of Merodontotus tigrinus. It was later rolled up under Brachyplatystoma since, well, it is one.