If you keep the waterlevel at the same height in both tanks, ran a pvc pipe between them (filled with water), and then just put the draw in one tank and the return in the other, you would filter both tanks.
On the other hand, the water currents generated by the return would be quite excessive if they were in the 10 gallon, and the ability to mechanically filter the 55 gallon would be limited if the intake were in the 10 gallon... What I am trying to say is that it would be a sub-optimal approach.