This actually is an active area of research. Many studies have shown it is dependent on the strains of Nitrosoma and Nitrobacter present.
In general, these bacteria can survive for weeks without ammonia or oxygen by shutting down their metabolic machinery and laying dormant, and will resume normal function rapidly (usually within a few hours) after exposure to ammonia and oxygen.
This actually is an active area of research. Many studies have shown it is dependent on the strains of Nitrosoma and Nitrobacter present.
In general, these bacteria can survive for weeks without ammonia or oxygen by shutting down their metabolic machinery and laying dormant, and will resume normal function rapidly (usually within a few hours) after exposure to ammonia and oxygen.