Actually this is more equivelent to asking if you could put a dog in a cardboard box in the vacuum of space, with water, and no food. The substrate is the housing, and part of the food, fertilizers are the food, and co2 is the oxygen. Co2 is needed for plants to grow no matter what. However this doesn't necessarily mean that you have to supplement it. Low surface agitation will help hold in the co2, and having a healthy fish stock will also help. Without ferts the plants will starve and eventually die.