The term breeder tank is a kind of retro term, and no longer relevant term, coined back in the 50s.
It was (as Deeda explained) built a little wider than a show tank, and was used in the old days for breeding small fish like zebra danios, small tetras, or live bearers. Because of its width, and because it was often a little more shallow, eggs or fry were not as easily eaten by parents, if the bottom was scattered with marbles, or its surface filled with floating plants for fry to hide in.
Its application as a breeder tank for larger fish like cichlids is highly over stated, and I consider it a misnomer, providing a very false sense that it is adequate for those species, unless its very large.