it will only clear our some of the green. After that you need aquarium micro-poly floss to remove the rest of what is small and floating in your water.
It all depends on the size of the UV filter, generally 7-10 days if the UV filter is the right size for the pond, give or take a few days. You will also need mechanical and biological filteration if you hope to keep fish in the pond.
all of the UV's that ive used only took around 2-3 days to work but again they are really only good for cleaning green water, if you have a bunch of dtring algae or algae in general the UV wont remove it. Also dont leave it on for more then a day or two at a time or you will kill all of your beneficial bacteia as well.
You don't need to keep the UV on all the time, but it will not kill all your beneficial bacteria. UV only affects organisms suspended in the water; most of your denitrifying bacteria are safely tucked away in the filter or on plants, liner, and other surfaces.