a powerhead is a small propeller encased in a plastic shell with openings around it to make a current. it's beneficial to fish because it simulates running water and gives them exercise.
A submersible pump that goes inside your tank, intended to move water around for circulation. You can also use them to "power" static equipment like under gravel filters, sponge filters etc...
You can also use them to supercharge an undergravel filter setup. Fwiw I use one in each of my tanks to create current, stimulate the fish, but I unplug the one in my large tank each night when I turn off the light (I currently have about a hundred baby convicts).