Using bleach is fine, you just need to be sure all trace of bleach is gone before putting the sock back into use.
I soak the sock overnight in a bleach solution, let them air dry a day, and rinse the next (3rd) day using water infused with a dechlorinator (I use a sodium thiosulfate salt mix I mix myself, but any commercial dechlorination product will do). I find mixing with the sodium this, much less expensive, and a bucket of it lasts a year or two.
To do this I have 3 socks for each effluent. One filtering, one soaking, and one dying.
To clean the sock, I find just soaking is enough, no need to actually wash in a machine and agitate, the bleach does it all, oxidizing all organic matter