there are very little legitimate scientific study on fish keeping lol.
most of what we know are derived from what has been studied on humans and other animals. aside from "scientific studies", it's the experiences from expert keepers that help us answer most of our common questions to fish keeping.
it's known that if you overfeed an animal, the digestive system (namely, the small intestines) can not extract the nutrients properly because the food is being moved through the system too quickly.
fasting is also trying to imitate the feeding patterns of the fish in the wild. a lot of predators don't get to eat 2, 3 or more meals a day as they would in captive care. so fasting is part of a natural feeding cycle when food may be scarce during certain time of the season.