Many fish do have the ability to see color. Those that do see color have cones in their eyes. Cones are needed for color perception and at least two cones that are sensitive to two different colors. People with normal sight have three types of cones. One that is sensitive to red, one to green and the other is sensitive to blue. The three kinds of cones in our eyes and the number we have enables us to discern over 300,000 shades of color.
What about fish? Is color important? Earlier, we concluded that visibility is of prime importance. Color often is the critical factor in making a fishes meal visible.
Here are some interesting facts about fish. Catfish have no cones. They posses only rods, which gives them the ability to see bright light as white and the absence of light as black and everything in between as varying shades of gray. Though blind to color catfish have amazing sight. On a moon less cloudy night they can see what we could only see under a crystal clear sky and a full moon. Along with their extremely sensitive night vision Catfish have extraordinary taste/smell. So as most Cat fishers know, good stink bait and a glowing light source next to the bait offers the best chance of landing that big Channel Cat. The color of the glowing bait enhancer is of little consequence to the Catfish. However, color is still very important for increasing the strike zone even though the Catfish is colorblind.
Some colors penetrate dark and murky waters better than others. Catfish see shades very well and a yellow or florescent lure may show up better than a blue or brown lure. Remember that in clear water blue and green light penetrate best and in turbid or muddy waters the warmer colors are better. Glowing bait enhancers do not depend on ambient light for the fish to see it. Choosing the right glowing color will depend upon the water conditions stated above. Generally, a green glow enhancer creates the largest strike zone. However, other glowing colors will be important in creating distinction and visibility against the ambient background. Because glowing bait enhancers provide their own light, the importance of water conditions and available light is greatly diminished.
Most predatory fish have cones that allow them to distinguish colors. Some even have four to five different cones. Incredibly, this means they can see colors we cannot even imagine. Reasons for this increased ability to see a whole new range of colors is still an issue for marine biologists and scientists. It may help identify food or it may have something to do with mating. The jury is still out on this.
We know that some fish see into the ultraviolet range, which is invisible to us. Again, what this invisible light lets them see we don't know but here are some tantalizing clues. Now let's get down and personal.
While fishing the Weber River in Utah, we saw something intriguing. Fishing was slow so like all good fishermen, we began to experiment. Mepps spinners, that had been "hot as a firecracker" a few weeks ago, weren't getting results. So we started digging around the bank for some bait. We found only small night crawlers and in a pool of water there were some marine worms that looked for all intents and purposes like the small night crawlers. The coloring was nearly identical and the size the same. Throwing a small night crawler into the pool brought small fish immediately. They came from all directions and attacked the crawler in a "free for all feeding frenzy". Then tossing one of the marine worms into the water, nothing happened! None of the fish showed any interest in the marine worm even though it wiggled and wriggled just like the night crawler. We threw in another night crawler and it was again attacked vigorously. We tried another marine worm and not a single fish even turned in its direction. They totally ignored the marine worms.
The smell couldn't be the triggering mechanism since the attack on the night crawler came almost instantaneously from all directions including upstream. Smell could not have traveled that far, that fast, and certainly not upstream. The attacks came faster than the smell could have dispersed in the water and the fish that were upstream from any smell responded just as fast and in some cases faster than the downstream fish did. Venturing an opinion, we believe the fish were seeing two differently colored worms. To our eyes they were the same color but because of increased cones in some fishes eyes, we believe the small trout saw colors they liked in the night crawlers and they saw colors they didn't like in the marine worms.
Another incident helps to support the idea that some fish see colors we can't see. While fishing a small stream near Pony, Montana we witnessed something that many fishermen have seen. Creeping up to the bank of a small brook, a nice juicy night crawler was sent drifting downstream into a nice hole and from our hiding place we watched a an Eastern Brooke Trout dart out, grab the lead sinker and run with it. It was as good a strike as any except the fish had the sinker instead of the night crawler. This has happened over and over again and in our experiences we have seen it many times. Even in salt water here in Washington's Puget Sound. We tried silver colored lures but in many cases they still preferred the oxidized sinkers. There seems to be something about the color of oxidized lead that many types of fish seem to like. Could the fish be seeing the oxidized lead as a brilliant, vibrant color that we are unable to see?
If so it baits the question: are there natural baits that is mimicked by the color of lead sinkers? Here is a chance for some enterprising inventor to create a pigment that attracts fish like the oxidized lead, but hopefully not lead.
In conclusion, color does make a difference even if the fish are not fussy about the color of their food or are color-blind. Visibility is the key. Keep in mind though, that all fish are color-blind at night because the color cones retract and the rods extend for more acute black and white night vision, making a glowing bait enhancer important for increasing the strike zone.
Good luck and keep the inside of your waders dry!