Dempsey stunted?

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Quite definitely a male...

So I would suggest either stunted from poor water quality earlier in life, or very possibly simply a smaller growing fish...

In the wild, at best one or two of the absolute strongest fish born in a brood will survive. In the hobby the vast majority of a brood will survive and be sold. This results in a lack of natural culling of smaller/weaker fish which in turn promotes "less than ideal" specimen from surviving to adulthood... as well as breeding to pass on their less than ideal genes...

This is by no means a criticism of your fish. It's just an honest view of why he may not have the full potential of what nature intended. He still looks nice and most likely makes a great pet.
 
TL or Total Length is from the lips to the tip of the tail fin…

Although some people will measure from the lips to the end of the meat in the tail…

Rarely do we specify which we mean which can and does cause confusion…

The lengths I’ve suggested are TL…
 
When you see the length in books or magazines it is always Standard Length (SL) which is from the lips to the begining of the cadual fin. For some reason most people on forums use Total Length, which includes the tail (but not the streamers if a species has it) even when the profiles on the same sites use SL.
 
some of those inbred, low quality store bought dempseys don't grow big or fast. it might very well be at it's full size
 
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