This is what I truly enjoy about this forum. There are a lot of different ideas about what works with tons of experience and years of observation to explain it.
I have noticed in my years as a hobbyist that it is possible to run mechanical and biological filtration at less than 100% of the time and still achieve the desired results. We tend to purchase more mechanical and biological filtration capacity than we need and run it continuously in order to achieve maximum results. I believe that two things are at play here; we want the best for our fish, and we share a common North American ethos that more is better. The truth is, and especially if we have oversized our equipment, more running time does not give us better results; it just uses more energy and wears out our equipment sooner.
Having said that, I need to state that the vast majority of beneficial bacteria that we use to reduce nitrogen wastes in our aquariums, are naturally occurring soil bacteria. They require oxygen in order to metabolize fish waste and they will quickly slow down, become inactive, and eventually die, if there is none present. For this reason we need to be careful running canister filters at less than 100% particularly if the tank is well stocked and well fed. In my case I use canisters loaded with crushed coral as bio-filters and run them continuously on multiple tanks ganged together through a supply and return header. If I would leave these filters turned off for more than a twelve hour period, I suspect that the dissolved oxygen in them would be depleted and the aerobes would be dormant. After a couple of days, anaerobic (non oxygen using) bacteria would have started to grow and there would be a funky toxic soup coming out of my filter should I start it up again. As someone pointed out earlier, that filter would now require several days to cycle before it became reliable again as a bio-filter.
In the case of HOBs with bio-wheels, sponge filters, and wet-dry filters, as long as they dont dry out, the bacteria will be exposed to oxygen and remain active. What slows them down in this case is the lack of food supply (waste) which happens when they consume what the tank produces between feedings anyway.
I never leave a tank without some form of circulation taking place. When my nursery tanks are in a dark phase, I run sponge filters for 60 seconds on 180 seconds off. This ensures that the surface of the tank is displaced and mixed with the rest of the tank every four minutes. The logic here is that most gas exchange takes place at the tank surface and by folding the water column I reduce dead spots and keep the temperature/oxygen levels consistent. Any more aeration time is really just a waste of energy
I challenge everyone to try it. Make your equipment last longer and use less energy. That means lower running costs and less impact on the environment. Thats a good thing right?