I have used Quikrete brand Quick Setting Cement and Quikrete Surface Bonding Cement (fiberglass reinforced) when building my backgrounds with no long term issues. I do agree with Noel that you should flush any cement product multiple times to reduce the alkalinity from the product while it is curing. There will still be some residual alkalinity for a few months but I have not noticed any problems with my African cichlids.
However, I don't know that it would be wise to apply cement directly to the bottom of your tank.
What you can do is make a 'drop in' tile bottom using cement and egg crate ceiling tiles. Just cut the egg crate tiles to your tank bottom dimensions, you don't want a tight fit. Remove the egg crate from the tank, apply the cement to the egg crate by filling in all the holes, build up a layer above the holes to accept your tiles and embed them in the wet cement. Once the cement cures, you can soak the 'drop in' background until the alkalinity is reduced.
I would recommend making these individual panels in at least 4 pieces as they will accumulate weight from the cement and the tiles and it will be easier to install in the tank. It's just a thought and it is the same procedure I used to make my real rock background for my tanks.