Dust has a large range of sizes, up to 1,000 microns, but can easily be far smaller to the 1 micron level. Since you can see it, it is at least 20 microns, but if you are not seeing particles but just a 'haze', then it could be smaller.
Did you fully wash the substrate before using it? Are you doing a full vacuum of the substrate?
Since you can't use a HOB, throw a 10 to 25 micron filter sock over your outlet. (If you are using the 'standard' size of 200 microns), most of the dust is flowing right through it. Agitate, filter, wait until sock clogs, clean the sock, replace sock until it stops clogging, repeat. It make a take a while, but the dust should clear.
It will likely clog up fairly fast (which is good.)