I agree when you say that the location of the collection is the important thing, ad the only way to prove the real ray identity .... This things work with plecos as well... Like the real BD, they came from a small place from Tocanthins river... Or the P14, that came only from the Itaituba city area.... Identify the rays is realy hard, hard as plecos, the only real prove is the collected area... For me is easy to know, because the cities that those fish might come are so restrict, Like Para state, is easy to know where the rays came from, If they came from Maraba, the fish are from Tocanthins river, Altamira, the fish cam from Xingu, Santarém the Tapajos river(no matter if the fish came from Itaituba city, the airport are at Santarém) and The Belem city, that collect fish around Belem, like rio do Para.... The problem is after came to the south (most export pass to Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro before go to Europe, North America or Asia) ad go to the importers, the rays mixted with Perus, Colombia and Venezuelas rays and they missed the real identity... ABout the Captive breeded rays, we don't have any here and I can't believe that someone will do it here in Brasil... The Ibama has so many restriction that I don't believe that someone is crazy anough to do that.... To have a example, right now we don't have any legal fish import in Brasil, The Ibama changed all the Law a out on a lot of restriction to all importers... To hae a idea, we canot have any kind of jumbo fish like trairao (Hoplias macophtalmus) Peacock bass (Cichla sp) or any large catfish (except the Brachyplatystoma tigrinum, that by the way I know a lot of exporters and I haven't see any, or heard anyone that have or even looked one) And by law all those fish are illegal even to export.... So I guess everybody have a Idea how things work in Brasil ...