My concrete background cured after 24 hours enough to hold up against water. Its important that the water / concrete mixture is correct and the curing conditions are also ideal for your concrete to work properly.
I used quikcrete hydraulic water-stop cement, and it is designed to be submerged.
As for people concerned about pH, eventually after enough water changes your water will be normal. (about 2 weeks for me)
Anyways, if your not interested at using cement at this point, you could try spray paint, but melting seems to be a big issue. Epoxy is generally significantly more expensive than concrete, and if you have to choose between one or the other I would use cement.
Krylon fusion spray paint is generally accepted as fish safe here.
Another option is buying slim rocks like slate and attaching them to eggcrate with silicone to make a 3D background. I can't find the thread but I've seen it done a few times.