THE LOGIC BEHIND WATER CHANGES
First, you have clean, fresh water. Clean fresh water is absolutely necessary for proper fish health, for freshwater fish anyway.
Then, you add fish to the water.
The nitrogen cycle begins:
Fish eat food, then they excrete solid waste and urine.
This fish waste releases
1) Ammonia, which is very deadly, and
2) Dissolved Organic Contaminants (steroids, hormones, and other highly undesirable protein substances which are proven in laboratory tests to be detrimental to fish health. At least one chemist I've spoken to has said DOCs are likely more damaging than Nitrate.
Bacteria eventually emerge-- mostly in your filter's media (biowheel, sponge, bioballs etc)-- which consume the Ammonia, and release Nitrite as their waste product. Nitrite is also very deadly to fish. The Nitrite is then consumed by a 2nd set of bacteria that eventually emerge, which convert the Nitrite in Nitrate. Nitrate is not broken down. Normal levels of Nitrate will not instantaneously kill fish like Nitrite or Ammonia will, but it is nevertheless a long-term health detriment for fish.
I could go into further details of cycling, but that would tarry too far from the point I'm trying to make here
In a properly cycled tank, Ammonia and Nitrite are quickly removed from the aquarium system...
...leaving only Nitrate and DOCs. There are no bacteria or other substances which remove Nitrate and DOCs (though it can be mentioned that aquatic plants consume Nitrate, and this surplus of Nitrate is why many tanks in sunlight can experience explosive algae growth). The only way to remove Nitrate and DOCs is via WATER CHANGES.
Nitrate and DOC removal are the reason why WATER CHANGES and SUBSTRATE VACUUMING are essential for optimal fish health. These two harmful substances are constantly being added to the tank. I do not personally know if Nitrates and DOCs are evenly spread throughout the water, or if they congregate moreso in the tank's substrate, nor do I know of any source that has hard information on that matter. Its reasonable to expect though that due to water current from the filter, nitrates and DOCs are spread throughout the tank's water in addition to the substrate.
If your tank's current water is of similar pH, temperature, etc., then WATER CHANGES have NO DETRIMENTAL IMPACT ON A FISH'S HEALTH. All they do is remove the Nitrates and DOCs. The more water you remove, the more Nitrates and DOCs you are removing. A 10% waterchange obviously isn't removing jack s---t.
If you don't remove nitrates and DOCs, you risk a huge variety of long-term health problems for your fish. Therefore, good aquarists will remove large quantities of water on a frequent basis.
If your tank's current water is NOT of similar pH, temperature, etc. then you will have to devise a plan to MAKE them similar prior, to the water change. I don't believe it takes rocket science to figure out ways to go about doing this.