I happened to look on the box that the sponge filter came in and here are some manufacturers tips for optimum performance: A new sponge filter needs a minimum of 30 days to operate at peak performance. However, it also says that when replacing an old sponge with a new one, let the new one sit in the aquarium for at least 2 weeks to allow it to colonize w/ bacteria. So probably somewhere between 15-30 days is the right answer depending on what you need. I think for me, stocking a 5 gal tank with 1 fish, I would be at the lower end and keep a close eye on Ammonia over the first 1-2 weeks. Thanks all