Noto;3314196; said:Keep in mind, there's more than one kind of stickleback. Most are brackish or euryhaline species, and at least one is strictly marine; I believe the brook stickleback, which is the kind found in MN, is the only strictly freshwater species.
In Minnesota alone, there are four resident species; Culea inconstans (brook), Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine and invasive), Pungitius pungitius occidentalis (ninespine and about to be elevated to it's own species), and Apeltes quadracus (four spine and very rare).
Previously, most of the information I've found on these fish refer to a predominantly freshwater type of fish found primarily in the northern hemisphere- mostly in Europe and North America. I am reading now about interesting studies done on some salt water species, using their mating habits as ways to observe sexually driven natural selection. Another study I read about focused on a fresh water European species with an uncanny ability to learn and adapt.
Considering that the classification of many of these fishes are still in the air, I think there's a lot many of us have to learn about these fish.




