The differences between dorados and redtail brycons are subtle with small fish, but become more apparent as the fish grow larger. Essentially, dorados have: 1) a more powerful jaw structure, 2) a more streamlined profile versus the taller brycons, 3) horizontal dash-dot stripes along the sides versus just plain silver on the brycons, and 4) yellowing of the dorsal, anal, and caudal (tail) fins as dorados get larger versus the red fins of redtail brycons.
Size is not always the determinant factor, as some of the redtail brycon species get very large. For example, Brycon guatemalensis (machaca) gets to 59 cm or nearly 2 feet and Brycon orbignyanus gets to 79 cm or 31 inches. I hope my RTBs aren't B. orbignyanus!