Radley,
The differential equation that models the growth of a population is dp/dt=kp where dp/dt is the differential of the population in respect of time, k is the proportionality constant for the growth rate, and p is the population at a given time.
This assumes that the birth rate and death rate changes directly as the population changes (i.e. one bacteria will always divide into two bacteria, and for every 100 bacteria that divide Y bacteria will die). In other words, letting k1 be the birth rate and k2 be the death rate, the population grows by k1 - k2 = k bacteria.
Differential equations may be solved to initial conditions such as p(0)=Po, meaning the function p of t (at time zero) is equal to p-naught (the initial population). If a mass bacteria kill occurs, the time can be set to zero with the initial population being the remaining bacteria.
The differential equation dp/dt=kp is a first order equation and solves like a derivative/anti-derivative. Taking the definite integral of both sides with respect to time gives the function
p(t)=Po*e^(kt).
Where Po is the initial population, and e is the logarithmic function e. Ya gotta think back a year or two. The value of e is something like 2.73 but I am guessing. I know it is 2.something. That is what scientific calculators are for.
At this point, the equation is useless because we do not have a constant for k. Two conditions are needed to solve the equation for k, the initial population and the population at time t. Solving for k,
k={ln(P)-ln(Po)}/t
where t is the time measured from the initial population to the measured growth.
Now who wants to count bacteria.