A variety of parasites and pathogens have been shown to infect earthworms. These include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifers, platyhelminths, mites, parasitic fly larvae, and nematodes. Of the nine families of nematodes that have been recorded from lumbricid earthworms, most use earthworms as intermediate hosts and are mostly innocuous to the worms. During 1997 in Champaign, Illinois, we collected a nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestris) suffering from a nematode infection that has never before been described. Within days of isolating this earthworm, it died and thousands of nematodes emerged from its body... Subsequently, earthworms infected with the same nematode have been found on two more occasions, most recently in April 1999. In all cases, infected worms died shortly after isolation, and were quickly covered with thousands of nematodes.