you know what, i'm done. you think what you like. but, maybe it's my fault for not being more clear. Yes, the police in theory is not liable to protect individual citizens and is not charged with negligence for failing to prevent specific crimes etc. due to limits of resource on police depts. but, there are still areas where the police will be found negligent if it is considered within their scope to protect private individuals but didn't like the case in NY where the NY police dept was held liable for not protecting a witness to a crime after he was murdered and in the court's opinion" in our view the police owed a special duty to use reasonable care to protect persons who have collaborated with them in the arrest, or posectution of criminals" (Schuster v. City of New York, 154 NE 2d 534 {NY 1958}. thats falls under "beyond police duty", and when a police deprive individuals of liberty, then that person when under police custody will also get the police in trouble if he/she was hurt if negligence is shown.
Having said that, there is still the SPIRIT OF THE LAW VS. LETTER OF THE LAW where police officers are supposed to hold spirit of the law more in regards as do you really want a police officer who don't give a damn crusing a beat, letting crimes happen even in "plain sight" because he/she feels they're not legally bound to protect anyone anyway? C'mon.
two, anyone can put handcuffs on criminals if they choose security officers included. ITS CALLED CITIZENS ARREST if you consider yourself an United States Citizen then you should know or atleast try to understand that.
as for books, try reading Criminal Procedure Law and Practice Rolando V. del Carmen, Criminal Justice in the Community Charles R. Mc Dowell, Multicultural Law Enforcement Robert M. Shusta Philip R. Harris, Deena R Levine, Herbert Z. Wong, Social Problems D. Stanley Eitzen, Understanding Human Behavior Rinehart Winston.
I'll read your recommendations; hope you read mine. I got more too if you want.