Ok, my sleepy head just rolled out of bed. Glad to see the hydrogen peroxide situation has worked its self out. Bleach is a Chlorine product, its very volitile (evaporates quick and easy).
Your cyanobacteria research is nothing short of brilliant though. We have a winner. It undergoes anerobic respiration in the dark and reduces thiosulfate. Take a quick peak at your bottle of dechlorinator, guess what you keep putting in your tank?
Ok, we have solved the "what is this". And I assure you 1 billion times, this is sooo much better than the fungul infection I thought you had. It too is contagious between tanks, but its not a nightmare.
Now on to the "how do I not experience this again as now my garage smells like a rotting corpse in a sulfer bath" (A BRILLIANT phrase BTW, I intend to use that in the future!)
This is the hard part. The bleach trick here isn't really needed. Feel free to do it, but its not going to prevent future out breaks. It WILL get the dead guy stink out of your filter though.
In order for the cyclic phosphoalization to take place free electrons are needed. Period, no way around it. Obtaining these electrons is called reduction (I am simplifying this for ya, I swear.) Oxygen reduces really easy and allows respiration to take place with very little effort. That is why 99+% of the planet is oxygen dependent. Some crafty little buggers learned to reduce sulfur (and a few other unpleasant things) to allow them selves the option of living in places the oxygen dependent critters coudn't. Reducing sulfur is not a small task, which is why when given a choice between oxygen and sulfur, EVERYTHING chooses the oxygen.
Anerobic (with out oxygen) respiration will not occur in the presence of oxygen simply because you would be a fool to use sulfur when oxygen is handy. If you have cyanobacteria reducing sulfur in your filter, you have an anerobic environment in there. WHY?!?
If there is water moving through it, its not anerobic. You are going to need to really look at where this stuff is pocketed and where its not. You have something really wrong in there.