River Sharks - True freshwater sharks?
As mentioned above, there are no known instances of bull sharks breeding in freshwater.
There are however other sharks that might be able to live their entire life in freshwater without having to migrate to marine water to reproduce. Most of these species are found among the river sharks.
River sharks are the popular name for shark species from the genus Glyphis. This group of sharks that looks similar to whaler sharks (Carcharhinus) contains a total of 6 known species. All species are very rare and half of them are still waiting to be scientifically described and given a name. The fact that so little is known about these species and that they earlier often have been misidentified as freshwater bull sharks make it likely that even more species may be found in the future.
River sharks are primarily found in Australia and Asia. The river shark group is currently comprised of the Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticu) which is found in parts of India and Pakistan, the Speartooth Shark (Glyphis glyphis) that lives in New Guinea, on Borneo, and in Queensland, Australia, and finally the Irrawaddy River Shark (Glyphis siamensis). The Speartooth shark will however most likely be divided into several species in the future, since the different populations are quite dissimilar to each other.
The abovementioned Irrawaddy River Shark (Glyphis siamensis) can be found in waters in the area surrounding Rangoon (Myanmar/Burma). This species was until recently believed to be a variety of bull shark but has since been declared a separate species belonging to the river shark group.
There are also three not yet described species of river shark. (Possibly four, since specimens now have been collected from a part of Borneo where no river shark species are known to exist.) Two of these species can be found in Australia in river systems located in the Northern Territory, primarily in Adelaide River and Alligator River. The last (possibly last two) species has been found on Borneo.
Some very young specimens of river sharks have quite recently been collected from freshwater and this which suggests that these sharks might be able to reproduce in freshwater, which would earn them the label true freshwater sharks. In addition to this, river shark species have never been collected from marine waters (although they have been found in slightly brackish water) which further suggests that these might actually be true freshwater sharks.
It is difficult to obtain more information about the river sharks as they are critically endangered and only found in a small number of habitats, but we will hopefully be able to save these species from extinction and find out if they really are true freshwater sharks that can live there entire life and reproduce in freshwater. Future research might even show us that they, just like the freshwater stingrays of the Amazon, have lost the ability to survive in marine waters.